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Petrache Poenaru. from Everything Romania [http://www.wonderful-romania.com/index.php/component/k2/item/45-petrache-poenaru-the-romanian-outlaw-who-invented-the-first-modern-fountain-pen]
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Wateran 42 Safety Pen (red and black hard rubber) with retractable nibs. Reproduced with permission. Wikipedia Commons.
After the American inventor Azel Storrs Lyman patented a pen with a combined holder and nib in 1848, more and more fountain pen patents were obtained, and more pens hit production. It was the inventions of the iridium-tipped gold nib, hard rubber, and free-flowing ink that really turned then fountain pen’s popularity around.
The history of fountain pens is intriguing and colorful. It’s part of what makes using, collecting, and experiencing fountain pens so enjoyable.